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Medieval LANGUAGES
Abbreviations, TIme Frame, and History
The beginning of our English language at times is referred to as Indo-European which originally began in the British Isles inhabited by the Celts. The Old English from the Germanic tribes of Angles, Jutes, and Saxons invading and settling England is also known as Anglo-Saxon, accounting for nearly half of our modern day words.
The first English Dictionary was written by Samuel Johnson.
The basics of Language
Before Recorded English
Germanic Runes, marks, pictures representing things
For English it was Breton, Erse or Irish, Gaelic Manx, Scottish, Welsh.
Classic Languages Greek and Latin contributed to all languages both directly and indirectly
Old English
bc- 4th c. Roman Latin
5th c. Celtic languages of Welsh, Scottish, Irish. Their languages of Gaelic, Manx, left
no impact on the modern language of today except in place names.
8th-9th c. Scandinavia Vikings invaded and settled with their languages.
Old Norse
7th-13th Vikings Scandinavian languages derived from Germanic introduced
10000 Old English becomes written
Middle English 1100 -1450
1362 Statue of Pleadings made English instead of William the Conqueror’s French
the official language of Parliament and the courts.
1458 Guttneburg invents block printing press
1475 William Caxton, England's first book printer, was the first to organize rules of
the English language to print Sir Thomas Malory's La Morte D'Arthur.
Tudor Age
1485-1604 New Renaissance of travel, math, and sciences enlarges vocabulary
15th c. A more modern English was added from Shakespear's writing
1582 List of seven-thousand words published by Richard Mulcaster, never becomes
a standard
1611 King James I sanctions a committee of 54 to translate the Bible.
1700 Dictionaries and English grammars were written.
ANGLO-LATIN form of Latin used in medieval England with some English words and forms.
ANGLO-NORMAN term for Old French spoken by English aristocracy around 1066.
literary works, official document, and religious writings.
From 13th c. it gave way to Middle English.
ANGLO-IRISH Irish people in English, or English people who lived in Ireland.
GERMANIC related to Old English, or forms of Old Nose and German, primitive German of
Proto-Germanic. spoken in Scandinavia and North Germany until 4th c.
HEPTARCHY parts of England settled by Germanic people by 700 ad.
OLD NORSE Germanic languages in Scandinavia.
LATIN spoken by Romans spreading throughout Europe and adapted by most
religious elements.
British/Medieval Latin term for the language of religion and administration
in England between 1066 and c 1475-1500.
Church Roman Catholic Church
Rumanian. Gaul's northern dialects were the Old French.
Vulgar Latin 5th c. Gaul evolved into many dialects like French, Spanish etc.
NORMAN FRENCH brought from Normandy France by William the Conqueror in 1066.
OLD ENGLISH term for language in England prior to Norman conquest in 1066. It did not descend from Latin.
Early Modern English indigenous of England between c 1500-1700.
Middle English indigenous English language before 1066 desending from
Old English existing with Anglo-Norman and Medieval Latin.
OLD FRENCH/Anglo Normal/Picard north Gaul dialects evolving from Vulgar Latin.
RUNES/Runic/Rune-Stave early Germanic 24 letter alphabet in rune-row called 'Futhark' differing from the Roman alphabet used today. Anglo-Saxons added letters to change to their own language.
VIKING people of Denmark, Norway, Sweden who attacked England 770-900 and
later in 980- 1066.
MEDIEVAL GREEK
Abbreviated MGk, MGk., MGr
Language of the Middle Ages 700 to 1500 ad, also called Middle Greek
LATE GREEK
Abbreviated Lgk
Language of early Byzantine Empire and Patristic literature from 100-700
MEDIEVAL LATIN
Abbreviated ML, M.L.
Language of the Middle Ages 700 to 1500 A. D.
Included many Latinized words from other languages, also called Middle Latin
LATE LATIN
Abbreviated LL
Language of Western Roman Empire and Patristic literature 150-700c.
MIDDLE ENGLISH Abbreviated ME
Language from 1150–1475c.
MIDDLE CHINESE
Abbreviated Mchin
Language of the 7th-8th centuries
MIDDLE DUTCH
Abbreviated MD
Language of the 11th–15th centuries
MIDDLE FLEMISH
Language of the 14-16th centuries
MIDDLE FRENCH
Abbreviated MF
Language of the 14th-16th centuries
MIDDLE GREEK
Abbreviated MGk, MGk.MGr
Language of the Middle Ages from 7th-15th centuries.
MIDDLE IRISH
Language of the 11th-13th centuries
MIDDLE LATIN
Abbreviated ML, M.L.
Language of the Middle Ages from 7th-15th centuries.
Including many Latinized words from other languages.
MIDDLE PERSIAN
Abbreviated Mpers
Language from300 B.C.
Includes Pahlavi from 3rd-7th centuries
West Iranian literature 3rd–10th c. and religions carried outside Persia
MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
Abbreviated MHG
Language of the 11th–15th centuries
MIDDLE LOWER GERMAN
Language of the 10th-15th centuries
OLD ENGLISH/Anglo-Saxon
Abbreviated OE
Language from 450–1150th c. ad
Brythonic as used before 800 ad
OLD BULGARIAN
Abbreviated OCS
Bulgarian language of the Middle Ages.
OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC
Oldest ecclesiastical language fist written by Cyril and Methodius in a Bible
translation of 9th century, continued in use for two centuries, representing South
Slavic Bulgar dialect of Salonika as well as South and West Slavic elements.
Also called Old Slavic, Old Slavonic, Church Slavic.
OLD CAIRO
Language al-Fustat
OLD DUTCH
Abbreviated OD, OD., O.D
Language before 11th century
OLD ENGLISH
Abbreviated OE
Language of 4th–11th centuries, also called Anglo-Saxon
OLD FLEMISH
Language before 13th century
OLD FRANCONIAN
West Germanic language of the ancient Franks before 11th century
Also called Frankish.
OLD FRENCH
Abbreviated OF
Language of the 9th-13th centuries
OLD FRISIAN
Abbreviated OFris
Language before the 15th century
OLD HIGH GERMAN
Abbreviated OHG
Language before 11th century
OLD ICELANDIC
Abbreviated OIcel
Language Norse
OLD IRISH
Abbreviated OIr
Language before 9th century, also called Gaelic
OLD ITALIAN
Abbreviated OIt
Language of the 10th-14th centuries
OLD FRANCONIAN
Low German Frank dialect of lower Rhine valley before 11th c., also Low Frankish
OLD LOW GEMAN
Abbreviated OLG
Language of the German lowlands before 11th century
OLD PERSIAN
Abbreviated OPers
Language of ancient West Iranian attested by cuneiform inscriptions.
(cuneiform is composed of slim triangular/wedge-shaped elements, as
characters used in writing by ancient Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians,
Persians etc.)
OLD PROVENCAL
Abbreviated OPr
Language from the 11th-16th centuries
OLD PRUSSIAN
Abbreviated OPruss
Language of Baltic extinct since the 17th century
OLD RUSSIAN
Abbreviated ORuss
Language before 16th century
OLD SAXON
Abbreviated OS
Dialect of Low German used before 11th century
OLD SPANISH
Abbreviated Osp
Language of the 12th-16th centuries
OLD STOEA
Earliest phase of Stoicism by philosopher Zeno from the latter part of 4th c.
to early part of the 3rd century B.C.
OLD TURKIC
Languages in Central Asia from the 8th-10th centuries, southwest, central, and
northern Asia and eastern Europe, including Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen,
Uzbek, Kirghiz, and Yakut, also called Turko-Tatar.
OLD WELSH
Abbreviated OW
Language before 11TH century
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