101     Roman first Dacian war.
102     Roman Caesar Trajan resigns.
105     Second Dacian war erupts, Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province.
106     Roman Caesar Trajan defeats Dacia’s (Romania) king, making it a province under Rome.
115     Jews rebel in Egypt.
117     Roman Emperor Trajan dies. Publius Aelius Hadrianus becomes 
           Roman Emperor Hadrian.
122     Roman Emperor Hadrian begins construction of wall to keep Scotts out of England.
138     Roman Emperor Hadrian dies, Antoninus Pius becomes Roman Emperor.
140     Roman Emperor Antoninus conquers Scotland, begins construction of Antonine Wall.
161     Marcua Aurelius becomes Roman Emperor.
162     Roman general Lucius Verus defeats the Parthian Empire.
167     Dacia is invaded by the Marcomanni tribe cossing the Danube.
           Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wars against the Marcomanni.
180     Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies. Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.
193     Roman Emperor Commodus assassinated, Pertinax is Roman Emperor for two-months. 
           Septimius Severus becomes Roman Emperor.
196     Byzantiu sacked by Emperor Septimius becoming a mere village again.
197     Emperor Septimius Severus secures throne in battle of Lugdunum against Pescennius and Clodius.
198     Roman Emperor Septimius invades Parthia.

                            10^th Century---Middle Ages

                            12^th Century---High Middle Ages

1100   King William II dies and Henry I becomes king of England. 
           Jerusalem’s king Godfrey of Bouillon dies, his older brother Baldwin, count of Flanders 
           becomes king with help from the Sicilian Norman prince Tancred.
           England’s king William II dies, brother William rules as Henry I.
           Middle English becomes more prevalent than Old English.
1101   Normandy’s Robert Curthose returning from the Crusade invades England to capture 
           the throne form his younger brother Henry. He is repelled with the Treat of Alton. 
           Sicily’s Roger Guiscard I dies, eight-year old son becomes king Roger II.
1102   Reign of prince Boleslave the Wrymouthed.
           Poland’s Ladislas I abdicated to youngest son who fights older to become Boleslav III.
           Hungary’s Coloman I regains Dalmatia from the Venetians.
1103   During Count Henry of Burgundy absence to Rome the countess of Portugal 
           Theresa governs, and Norway’s Magnus III invades Ireland and dies in battle.
1105    Abd al-Mumin orders his Muslim fraction called Almohades to invade North Africa 
            and Iberia.Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is captured by his son Henry.
1106   Henry IV escapes at Ingelheim and dies before he can regain his army 
           to oppose his treacherous son.
1107   Count Raymond of Burgundy dies, his kingdom of Galicia passes to his son Alfonso
           Raimindez.Scotland’s Edgar dies, his brother rules as Alexander I.Sicilian Norman Tancred 
           reclaims the towns Alexius Comnenus conquered three years before.1108 France’s Philip I 
           dies, son rules as Louis Vi.
           Byzantine emperor Alexius defeats Bohemund of Otranto at Durazzo, making him a 
           vassal.1109 Emperor Alfonso VI of Castile dies, and his son’s wife Urraca, marries King 
           Alfonso I of Aragon.
           Poland’s Boleslav III defeats the Pomeranians at battle of Naklo.
           Poland’s Boleslav III defeats German King Henry V at battle of Hundsfeld.
           France’s king Louie VI goes to war against England,
           Castile’s Afsonso Vi dies, daughter rules as Urraca.
1110   Count Henry of Portugal wars against King Alfonso I of Aragon in Penafiel.Bohemia’s 
           Bretislav II dies with help from Henry V securing the dukedom for Ladislas.
1111   Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
1112   Count Henry of Portugal dies, his young son Afonso Henriques inherits county of Portugal,
           but his mother countess Theresa of Portugal governs under the title Regina (queen).
           Portugal’s count Henry of Burgundy dies, three-year old son become king Afonso 
           Henruiques with mother Teresa as regent.
1113   Pisa conquers Balearic island of Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza etc.
           Vladamir’s great-grandson becomes grand duke of Kiev.
1114   Marriage of Alfonso I or Aragon and Urrace of Castile is annulled.
           Glasgow’s Cumbria church is elevated as a cathedral by David I.
1116   Armies of countess Theresa of Portugal battle the armies of Queen Urraca
           of Castile.
           Hungary’s Coloman I dies, succeeded by Stephen II.
1118   The Knights Templar is founded to protect Jerusalem and all European pilgrims to the
           city.Byzantine emperor Alexius I dies, son becomes John II.
           Alfonso the Battler of Aragon takes Saragossa from the Almoravid king Ali ibn-Yusuf.
1119   Charles le Bon becomes count of Flanders. 
           English Henry I defeats the Norman’s during a war at Bremule.
1120   Afonso Henriques sides with the Bishop of Braga against his mother countess Theresa 
            of Portugal.
            English king Henry I makes peace with French king Louis VI.
            Anglo-Saxon Welcher of Malvern discovers the degree measurement of latitude 
            and longitude.
            Order of the knights of the Temple is founded in Jerusalem by Hugh de Pajens,
1121   Afonso Henriques unites with his mother Queen Urraca of Castile and captures countess 
           Theresa of Portugal at Lanhoso, allowing her to go free if the County of Portugal is held 
           as a fief of the kingdom of Leon.
           Byzantine emperor John II recovers Anatolia from Seljuk Turks.
1122   Concordat of Worms.
           Admont’s chronicles mention Celje/Cylie first. 
           Holy Roman Emperor Henry V renounces right of investiture with ring and crozier at 
           Concordat of Worms.
123     The First Lateran Council is formed, confirmed by the Concordat of Worms. 
            Byzantine emperor John II defeats Serbians at Balkans.
1124    David I of Scotland becomes king, introduces feudal landholding of the Lowlands.
            Byzantine emperor John II defeats Hungary’s Stephen II.
            Scotland’s Alexander I dies, brother David rules as David I the Scotch Justinian.
1125    Holy Roman Emperor Henry V dies after fighting France’s Louis VI then 
            the peoples of Worms. Lothair is chosen king at Mainz.\
            Venetian army pillages Rhodes, Chios, Samos and Lesbos.
1126    Queen Urrace of Castile dies, son Alfonso Raimundez becomes king Alfonso III of Castile
            and Leon.
            Lothair III makes son-in-law Henry the Proud duke of Bavaria.
1127   Count of Flanders Charles the Good assassinated, Thierry of Alsace becoming new count.
1128   Countess Theresa donates Soure to the Knights Templar.Count Afonso Henriques 
           defeats his mother countess Theresa of Portugal in battle of Sao Mamede to become 
           sole ruler, Duke of Portugal.
1129   Duke Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal.
           Sicily’s Roger II is recognized as duke from barons of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno etc.
          Castile’s queen Urraca dies, son rules as Alfonso VII.
1130  Prince Afonso Henriques invades Galacia, his mother countess Theresa dies.
          The Knights Hospitialler move to Protugal.
1133  German king Lothair II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, receiving vast estate of 
           the marchioness Matilda of Tuscany holding for his daughter Gertrud and husband 
           Henry the Proud of Bavaria.
1134  Glasgow Scotland churches of St. John and Holy Sepulchre with Saint James dedicated.
          German House of Brandenburg begins, appoints Albrecht head of Nordmark who founds 
          House of Anhalt.
1135  Henry I dies and Stephen becomes king of England.  
          King Alfonso VII of Castile and Leon proclaims himself Emperor of all Spains.
          Hohenstafuen king Conrad III submits to king Lothair II, pardoned, and recovers his estates.
          England’s king Henry I dies, nephew Stephen of Blois.
1136  Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II invades southern Italy to aid John II, retaking Apulia from 
          Sicily Roger II.
          England’s princess Matilda, daughter of Henry V claims throne for herself.
1137  Civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Maltilda over succession to English throne
          Prince Boleslave of Poland dies.
          Tournament and Armistice of Arcos de Valdevez.
          Prince Afonso Henriques becomes vassal to king Alfonso VII of Castile by award of Astorga.
          Prince Afonso tries to conquer Lisbon from the Moors and fails.
          France’s Louis VI dies, son bis king Louis VII, marries Eleanor heiress of duke of Aquitaine.
          Prince of North Wales Gruffydd ap Cynab dies, sons Owain and Cadwaldar revive the power
          of the principality of Gwynedd.
          Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II dies.
          Antioch is forced to pay homage to Byzantine emperor John II who conquered Cilian
          Armenia.
1138  Poland’s Boleslav III dies, dividing his realm between his five sons.
          Civil war breaks out when Matilda lands in England with an army to begin the battle of 
          the Standard near Northallerton to reclaim England’s throne with aid from Scotland’s 
          David I who is defeated but takes Northumberland.
          Swabia’s House of Hohenstaufen dominates German states with Conrad chosen as king.
1139  Second Latern Council declares clerical marriages invalid, regulates all clerical dress, and 
          punishes clerics by excommunication. 
          Portugal becomes independent from the kingdom of Castile and Leon after the battle of 
          Ourique and prince Afonso becomes king Afobso I of Portugal. He assembles the estate 
          generals at Lamego where he is crowned by the Bishop of Braganca.
1140  Knights Hospitaller receive land and privileges from King Afonso I of Portugal.
1141  English king Stephen is captured while sieging Lincoln castle and Matilda rules for six-
          months before Stephen’s supporters effect his release.
1142  German king Conrad III signs peace with duke of Saxony, securing for Henry the Proud of 
          Bavaria’s young son young Henry his duchy.
          English Queen Matilda is expelled from Oxford after siege by Stephen who forces her 
          to take refuge in western part of country where anarchy reigns for five years.
          Leiria of Portugal receives town privileges and rights.
          Muslim Kohran first translated into Latin.
1143  Pope Innocent II dies. 
          Byzantine emperor John II dies, son rules as Manuel I.
          King of Jerusalem Foulkes le Jeunne dies, and son Geoffrey of Anjou becomes duke of 
          Normandy King Afonso I of Portugal declares himself vassal to Pope Innocent II, 
          placing kingdom of Portugal as well as himself under protection of the Holy See.
1144  Order of Cistercians moves to Protugal at Tarouca.
1146  Prince Boleslave the Curly is senior prince, ruling Krakow.
          Portugal King Afonso I marries the daughter, Maud Savoy, of count Amadeus III of Savoy.
1147  France’s Louis VII and German Conrad III begin the Second Crusade to retaliate the fall of 
          Edessa.The armies of King Afonso I of Portugal join with the Crusaders from England to 
          siege Lisbon.
          First reference to Moscow.
          Marrakesh falls to Almohad forces ending eighty-year rule in North Africa and Spain.
          Sicily’s Roger II seizes Greek Isles and attacks Athens, Thebes, Corinth. 
          Byzantine Empire and Sicily go to war.
1148  Byzantine emperor Manuel I buys Venetian support to resist the fleets of Norman’s Sicily’s 
          Roger II.
          Italian silk industry is started by Roger II at Palermo.
          Returning Crusaders bring back sugar from Middle East. 
1149  Venetians regain Corfu for the Byzantines.
1150  Glasgow Faire is eight days long.
          Sweden’s Sverker is deposed, succeeded by Eric IX.
          Chinese caravan leaders use magnetic compasses to guide them.
          University of Paris begins.
          Black Book of Carmarthen is complied in Wales.
1151  Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou dies, son Henry becomes king and Duke of Normandy.
1152  King Conrad III dies, nephew duke of Swabia becomes king Frederick III (Barbarossa)
          France’s king Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine’s fifteen year marriage is annulled. She 
          then marries Henry Plantagenet, gaining her lands making him duke of half of France.
1153  Scotland’s David I dies, grandson rules as Malcolm IV.
1154  England’s King Stephen dies, and Henry II becomes king.
          Damascus surrenders to sultan Nur ad-Din of Aleppo.
          Roger II of Sicily dies, fourth son William becomes king.
1155  England’s King Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms, restoring the royal demesne.
          Pope Adrian gives Ireland to Henry II.
          Crusader Bertold of Calabria found the Carmelit Order of mendicant monks.
1156  Somerled defeats Norse King of Man, ending Viking rule of Western Scotland. 
          King Frederick III makes Austria a duchy and Bohemia a kingdom.
          William of Sicily defeats Byzantine fleet at Brindisi, and Pope Adrian confirms him as king.
1157  English King Richard the Lionheart is born.King Frederick 
          Barbarossa invades Poland.
          Diet of Besancon grants the Bohemian Duke Boleslave IV to call himself king. 
          Sweden’s Eric IX conquers Finland.
          Castile and Leon’s Holy Roman Emperor Alfonso VII dies, son becomes Sanchez III 
          with brother of Leon breaking from Castile to become king Fernando II.
          Lubeck is founded on the Baltic beginning of the baker and other guilds.
1158   Hanseatic League is founded, establishing new trade for North and Western Europe.
1159   Only English Pope, Adrian IV, dies.
          Castle of Cera in Tomar Portugal is donated to the Knight Templars.
          English army led by Thomas Becket invades Toulous on behalf of Queen Eleanor 
          of Aquitaine, but is defeated
1160   Arabs expel Normans from North Africa.
1162   Frederick Barbarossa III destroys Milan.Archbishop of Canterbury dies and King 
          Henry II installs chancellor Thomas Becket.
1163  Nortre Dame de Paris first cornerstone is laid for construction.
1164  Lord of the Isles, Somerled, is defeated in Battle of Rendrew.
          King Henry II has Constitutions of Carendon drawn up to limit spiritual jurisdictions, and 
          Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket flees to France to persuade Pope Alexander III 
          to condemn them.
1165  King Afonso I’s daughter, princess Urrace of Portugal, marries King Ferdinand II of 
          Leon.Byzantine emperor Manuel I aligns with Venice against Frederick Barbarossa who 
          supports antipope Pacahall III.
          Scotland’s Malcolm IV dies, brother Will the Lion becomes king.
1166  Sicily’s William I the Bad dies, son Rules as William IICity official Saladin builds the 
          Cairo citadel.
1167  German king Frederick Barbarossa enters Rome, installs antipope Pacshal III, and crowns 
          himself and wife Beatrix before plague drives him back to Germany.
          Copenhagen is founded by archbishop and Danish soldier Axel.
          England’s Oxford university construction begins.
1168  Danish King Valdemar the Great destroys Arcona.
1169  First Normans land in Ireland.King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knight Templars one-third
          of all they conquer.
1170  England’s king Henry II deliberately has himself crowned by the Archbishop of York 
          violating the rights of the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. Pope Alexander forces 
          Henry to reconcile with Thomas Beckett who returns to England after 6 years in France 
          only to be assassinated at Canterbury cathedral.
          Inquest of Sheiffs strengthens Exchequer’s inquiries.
1171  Ireland’s deposed king Dermot MacMurrough of Leinster request England’s Henry II aid and 
          he lands atWaterford where he is hailed as Lord of Ireland and claims the country his.
          Saladin becomes Vizier of Cairo after abolishing caliph Fatimid, making Egypt center of 
          Muslin culture.
1172  England’s King Henry II receives homage at Tipperary’s Caskel Rock from Irish princes.
          Eleanor of Aquitaine wars against her husband Henry II.
          Venetian Grand Council restricts powers of the Doges.
1173  England’s king Henry II captures wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and sons Henry, Richard and 
          Geoffrey who lead a rebellion against him, and House of Commons giving him their aid.
          Hungary’s Stephen III dies, succeeded by Bela III.
1174  Kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent.
          German king Frederick Barbarossa purchases Corsica, Spoleto, Sardinia, and Tuscany from 
          Henry’s uncle Welf Vi.
          England’s Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murdering Thomas Becket who was 
          Sainted last year.
          Pope Alexander III in a papal bull decrees Alfonso I as king and Portugal as an independent 
          country of Castile or Leon attempts of annexation.
          William the Lion makes Glasgow an Episcopal burg of Barony, granting Bishop Jocelyn a 
          charter.
          Monks at Engelberg monastery cut wood blocks for printing.
          Leaning Tower of Pisa is begun.
1175  Persian sultan Muizz ad-din Mohammed of Ghor invades India. 1176 German king Frederick 
          Barbarossa sustains a wound during the battle of Legnano.
          Egyptian sultan Saladin conquers Syria then wars against Christians to rid them from 
          Jerusalem.
          Welch monk and cleric Walter Map organizes the legends of King Arthur and his knights.
          Welch Bards begin Eisterddfod Festival where drama, music, poetry competition is held 
          annually.
1177  German King Frederick Barbarossa and Pople Alexander III sign Treaty of Venice b ringing
          peace between Lombard League and Holy Roman emperor. 
          France’s king Louis VII and England’s king Henry II sign Treaty of Ivy.
          Chanpa invaders take Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.
          At mouth of Lagan river John de Courcy builds a castle and founds Belfast in 
          Northern Ireland.
1178  German king Frederic Barbarossa is crowned king of Burgundy at Arles.
1179  Third Lateran Council is formed limiting papal electees to cardinals alone, and forbid 
          promoting of anyone to the episcopate before the age of thirty.King Ferdinand II of Leon 
          disowns his wife, Urraca of Portugal.
1180  France’s king Louis VII dies, son rules as Philip II Augustus.
          Byzantine emperor Manuel I dies, son rules with mother Maria of Antioch as regent.
          English manors begin having glass windows.
1182  Denmark’s Waldemar the Great dies, son will rule as Canute VI king of the Danes 
          and Wends.France banishes all Jews.
1183  Byzantine emperor Alexius II is assassinated by uncle who rules as Andronicus I.
          Sultan Saladin takes Aleppo.
1184  The Inquisitions begin.
          The Almohad Caliph Usuf I dies, succeeded by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur.
          At the Great Diet of mainz Frederick Barbarossa knights his two sons in great pageantry.
          Cyprus gains independence from Byzantine.
          Georgians make Tamara queen.
          England’s Canterbury cathedral opens in Kent after five-year construction installing stained 
          glass windows.
1185  King Afonso I of Portugal dies, his son, Sancho I of Portugal becomes king.King Sancho I 
          repoulates areas with new towns with Flemings and Burgundians. 
          Normans Attack Byzantine Empire, where Greek nobility depose emperor Andronicus I and 
          install general Alexius who rules as Isaac II. 
          Sultan Saladin seizes Mosul and begins conquering Mesopotamia.
          Knights Templar is established in London.
1186  German king Frederick Barbarossa is crowned king of Burgundy.Son King Henry is crowned
          Caesar, and his bride Constance of Sicily is crowned queen of the Germans.
1187  Saladin captures Jerusalem from the Christian Crusaders.
1188  At Conference of Bonmolins England’s prince Richard Coeur de Lion pays homage to
          France’s Philip II in front of his father king Henry II. A power struggle ensues and Henry is 
          overpowered and concedes throne to Richard.
          France’s first ever tax is levied by Philip III to raised money for Third Crusade against 
          Saladin.
1189  England’s Henry II, first Plantagenet surrenders territories of Gracy and Issoudon before 
          dying, son Richard Coeur de Lion rules as Richard I of England, while only spending one 
          year of his ten-year reign in England and only visited the British Isles twice continuing to 
          rule from France.
          Norman king William II of Sicily dies, bastard son of Roger II succeeds him.
          In France during Richard’s coronation Jews are slaughtered.
          German merchants negotiate a commercial treaty with Novgorod.
          First paper mill in Europe is built in Herault France.
          Third Crusade begins with Frederic Barbarossa heading an army from Regensburg.
1190  King Richard I of England and King Phillip II of France begin Third Crusade after Saladin 
          unites the Muslims to recapture Jerusalem, but Crusaders never retook Jerusalem.
          Teutonic Knights formed after Crusade. 
          Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns crossing Calycadnus river in Cilicia, son 
          Caesar Henry rules as Henry VI .
          England’s king Richard the Lion-Hearted begins raising an army for the Third Crusade.
1191 Third Crusade Richard the Lion-Hearted conquers Cyprus and sells it to Knight Tempars 
          before taking the city of Acre.
          France’s king Philip UI falls ill and leaves Crusade where he aligns himself with the 
          new Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI against the arrogant Richard the Lion-Hearted.
          Teutonic Knights Order is founded in hospital at Acre.
1192   King Richard is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria as he returns from Third Crusade.
          Yoritomo Minamoto is appointed Shogun by Japanese Emperor Tsuchi.
1193  Egypt Sultan Saladin dies and his empire is divided among relatives.
          First known Merchants Guild is established in London.
1194   Richard is ransomed and returns to England, leaves for the Continent, leaving England to
          be governed by Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, who accompanied him on Crusade.
          He levied taxes to pay for his ransom and destroyed a plot against Richard by his brother
          John Lackland.  
          Richard defeats Philip Augustus at Freteval and regains his French fiefs with the 
          Truce of Verneuil.
          Norseman discover Spitsbergen north of the Artic Circle.
          Norman rule of Italy ends.
1195  Byzantine emperor Isaac II is deposed by brother Alexius who rules as Alexius III.
           Holy Roman Emperor marries off his brother Philip of Swabia to Isaac’s daughter Irene.
1196  Hungary’s Bela III dies, son Emeric rules.
1197  German Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI dies, and civil war breaks out.
           Blgarian Peter Asen is assassinated by rival Boyars and younger brother Kaloyan 
           Joannitsa rules.
           Bohemiam Duke Ottokar I is restored to throne.
           England’s Richard the Lion-Hearted finishes building Chateau Gaillard on the Seine to 
           restore Angevin power to northern France.
1198   French defeat England’s King Richard at battle of Gisors.
1199   King Richard I the Lion-Hearted, dies and King John becomes king of England. 
          The Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur dies, succeeded by Muhammad an -Nasir.
          German Declaration of Speyer confirms right of princes to elect king.
          Liverpool in England is founded. 

                            13^th Century---High Middle Ages

1200 The Fourth Crusade begins, ending up sacking Constantinople.
        The Peace of Le Goulet ends war between England and France.
        North Wales prince Llwewlyn seizes Anglesey.
1201 Europe’s commercial capital is Vencie
         St. Gotthard’s pass opens through Swiss Alps and cantons of Uri and Ticino.
1202 France’s Philip II confiscates Aquitaine, Anjou and Poitu giving the English fiefs of John 
         Lackland to Arthur of Brittany with king John’s army defeating the French at Mirabeau and 
         Arthur vanishes.
         Fourth Crusade begins with Pope Innocent III giving command to count of Monferrat 
         Boniface III wo has support of Venice’s Doge Enrico Dandolo. 
         Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci introduces Arabic numbers from North Africa, 
         adding the zero from India as well.
         Pope Innocent III excommunicates Fourth Crusade following the Crusaders sacking Zara.
1203 Mohammad of Ghor conquers Upper India.
         Brittany rebels against England’s king John Lackland.
         Epic poem Parzival by German Wolfran von Eschenback is about the Holy Grail.
         Brewing guild in Hamburg Germany begins.
1204 Byzantine emperor Isaac II is deposed,son Alexius IV rules, but general puts son to death an
         claims himself emperor Alexius VI when it falls to the Crusaders who sack it and kill Alexius.
         Latin empire established at Constantinople, count of Flanders Baldwin IX elected emperor.
         Hungary’s Emeric I dies, infant son rules as Ladislas III. Until Emeric’s brother deposes 
          Ladislas and rules as Andras II.
          Bubonic plague reduces the army of the Fourth Crusade ending it.
1205  Bulgarian king Kaloyan defeats Frankish Crusaders. France’s king Philip Agustus conquers 
          Anjou from the English.
          Venetian Doge Dandolo dies.
          Hungary’s Arpad dynasty begins.
1206  Mohammad of Ghor is assassinated by his viceroy.
          Uigurs on Chinese border are overrun by Mongols whose ruler Temujin is proclaimed 
          Genghis Khan.
1207 Liverpool England becomes major port of trade.
1208  Albigensian Crusade is called by Pope Innocent III, wanting to destroy the rival Cathars of 
          Christianity.
1209  University of Oxford is founded. The University of Cambridge is founded.
          England’s John Lackland invades Scotland.
          Pope Innocent III excommunicates England’s King John. 
          King Otto of Wittelsback invades Itlay and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor IV.
          Franciscan Order of monks of Assissi begins.
1210 Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated but continues conquering Italy.German
          poet Gottfried von Strassburg begin Tristan and Isolde but dies before completing it.
1211  Portugal’s Sancho I dies, son rules as Afonso II.Genghis Khan divides China.
1212  Children’s Crusade begins. Afonso II of Portugal becomes king.
          German princes depose Otto IV elect grandson of Frederic Barbarossa is crowned king.
          Castile’s Alfonso VIII defeats the Almohades in battle of Las Navas de Tolosa driving 
          most from Iberia peninsula.
          Venice conquers Crete.
          China introduces Tofu curd.
1212 Spain’s Christians defeated the Moors in the Reconquista Campaigns.
1213 English parliament begins from the Council of St. Albans.
          Crusader Simon de Montfor invades Iberia during battle of Muret in which Aragon’s Pedro 
          II is killed but 2 year-old son is saved by Templar Knights and rules as Jaime I.
          Archbishop of Canterbury absolves king John Lackland.
          England and Ireland become papal fiefs.
          Abu Yaqub Yusuf II becomes Almohad Caliph.
1214  Battle of Bouvines establishes France as a major military power regaining Flanders for 
          Frederick II.
          Ghenghis Khan captures town that will become Beijing.
          Scotland’s William the Lion dies, son rules as Alexander II.
1215  Magna Carta is signed by King John of England, forcing limits on his power. 
          Fourth Lateran Council formed dealing with papal primacy, conduct of clergy, as well 
          as Jews and Muslims wearing identification marks to distinguish them from Christians.
          German nobles crown Hohenstaufen king Frederick II.
          Domincian Order of monks is founded.
1216  King John dies and Henry III becomes king of England. 
          Konrad I of Masovia invites the Tuetonic Knights to Prussia.
          England’s king John Lackland hired French mercenaries to fight the barons who forced him 
          to sign Magna Carta.
          French dauphin Louis Coeur de Lion lands in England, unable to capture Windsor or Dover.
1217  Castile’s Ferdinand II begins his reign. 
          Portugal’s Afonso o Gordo defeats the Moors at Alcacer do Sal.
          Leon’s Alphonso VIII begins Salamanca university.
          Defeated at Lincoln and Sandwich French armies leave England.
          Norway’s new king rules as Haakon IV.
1218  Pope Innocent III preaches Fifth Crusade.
          German Holy Roman Emperor King Otto dies.
          England’s Henry II and the Welch end war with Peace at Worcester.
          London’s Newgate prison completed becoming debtor’s prison for next five-hundred yrs.
          Denmark adopts the Danneborg flag.
1220  Glasgow Scotland peasants begin replacing huts with houses.
          German king Frederick is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
1222  Oxford Council of England honors the Christian martyr St. George as their patron Saint.
          Hungary’s Andras II issues Golden Bull that strengthens monarchy, exempts gentry and 
          clergy from taxation, and grants no foreigners or jews office or land.
          Genghis Khan invades Russian territory, making first appearance in Europe.
1223  King Phillip II of France dies.
          Genghis Khan establishes his power in the battle of Kalba river.
          Franciscan Order founded. 
          Portugal’s Afonso II dies, son rules as Sancho II.
1224  Anglo-French war begins with France claiming English lands. 
          Franciscan monks arrive in England.
1225  England reclaims territories taken by French last year.
          Spain manufactures cottobn.
1226  France’s Louis VIII dies, son rules as Louis IX.
          Genghis Khan dies and his empire is divided among three sons,.
          Teutonic knights are commissioned to conquer and convert Prussia.
1227  Frederick II begins a new Crusade but army contracts fever, Pope doesn’t believe 
          and excommunicates him.
1228   Sixth Crusade begins as Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II leaves for Holy Land.
1229   Frederick II signs treaty with Egyptian sultan, nephew of Saladin, crowns himself king
           in the Holy Sepulcher then returns to Italy to drive out Pope Gregory IX’s papal 
           soldiers who invaded his lands declaring him a non-Christian king.
1230   Berlin is founded on former Slavic settlement.
           Treaty of San Germano ends war between king Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.
           Bohemian king Ottokar I dies, son rules as Wencelas I.
1231   King Frederick II founds medical school in Salerno, declaring a curriculum of nine years 
           that includes five years of medicine, three years of logic and one year of experience
           to receive diploma.
           Leon’s Alfonso IX dies childess, and Ferdinand III of Castile becomes king, uniting 
           both kingdoms.
1232  The Muslim Mohammad I’s dynasty of Nasrides entrenches itself against Christian
           Spain.
           Verona’s Ezzelino IV da Romano succeeds to throne and will destroy northeastern Italy.
1233  Sancho II of Portugal becomes king.
          England’s king Henry III barons rebel led by Richard Marshall, earl of Pembroke.
1234  In Scotland the death of Alan of Galloway ends Galloway’s independence.
          England’s earl of Pembroke is captured and killed, new archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund 
          Rich, holds king Henry III responsible for his murder and threatens excommunication.
          France calims Navarre.
1235  Mongols take Quin empire.
          Hungary’s Andras II dies, son rules as Bela IV.
          England’s Henry III sister, Isabella marries Frederick II.
          School of medicine at Salerno begin dissecting human bodies.
1236  Alexander Nevsky made Kniaz (prince) of Novgorod by the Novgorodians to protect their
          northwest lands.Castile’s Ferdinand III captures Cordovaa from the Moors. 
          Dominican friar Theodoric of Lucca discovers anesthesia.
          Bavarian poet and knight Neidhardt von Reuenthal dies after forming the lyric poetry for 
          the German courts.
1237  Mongols use gun powder, and burn Moscow.
          King Frederick II shatters Lombard League 
          Teutonic Knights merge with move to convert Russians from Greek church to Roman 
          Catholic.
1238  Aleksandr Nevski is elevated to Novgorod’s rank of prince.
          Jamie I claims Valencia. 
          Scotland’s southern border is established in the Treaty of York.
1240  Prince Alexander of Novgorod attacks the Swedes after landing at the junction of 
          rivers Izhora and Neva and defeats them during the battle of Neva, preventing Russia 
          from a full invasion from the North.
          Mongolian Golden Horde conquer Kiev.
          England’s early of Leicester expels Jews from his area.
          England and Scotland define the border between them.
1241  Henry II the Pious dies in battle of Legnica. After the Mongols Golden Horde slaughters
          Europe’s nobility and German Knights Templar in the battle of Liegnitz, they retreat 
          to Karakorum after Khan Ughetai dies.
          Baltic trading towns form Hanseatic League whose ships have new naviagation compasses 
          and rudders.
1242  England’s Henry II invades France.
          Mongols threaten Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II’s realms and he returns to 
          gain support. 
          Mongolian Golden Horde follow under Batu, a grandson of late Genghis Khan.
          Prince Aleksandr Nevski defeats the Teutonic Knights at the battle of Lake Peipus.
1243   Five-year truce between England and France finally ends their wars.
1244  Jerusalem is recaptured by the Moors.
          England holds it’s first archery contest.
1245  Seventh Crusade. 
          Council of Lyons deposes Frederick II with war breaking out in the states. Pope orders 
          new king elected.
          Portugal’s Sancho II is deposed by Pope who offers crown to Afonso, Sancho’s brother,
          who rules as Afonso II.
1246  Pope Innocent IV declares Sancho II an heretic, ordering his removal from the throne.
1247  Portugal’s Sancho II is exiled to Toledo and Alfonso III of Portugal becomes king.
          City of Buda is founded by Hungary’s Beela IV
1248  Genoese armies take Rhodes.
1249  Scotland’s Alexander Ii dies, son rules as Alexander III.
          Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX invades Egypt.
1250  Egyptians forces slaughter the Crusaders at the battle of Fariskur. 
          Crusaders carry spices back home.
1251  Portugal forces seize the Algrave in corner of Iberian Peninsula.
1252  Polish Lubusz land lost to Brandenburg.
          City of Stockholm first mentioning.
          France’s Louis IX expels Jews.    
1253  Bohemian king Wencelas I dies, son becomes duke of Babenberg rules as Ottokar II.
1254  Portugal’s official reunion of the kingdoms general assembly, the Cortez.
          German Hoenstaufen king Conrad IV dies, but his two-year old son is not elected king, 
          instead the Holy Roman Emperor position is not filled.
          France’s king Louis IX returns after six-years from the Crusade in Egypt to end the civil 
          wars among his nobles.
1255  England’s king Henry III’s son, Edmund, earl of Lancaster, is titled king of Sicily by new pope
          Alexander IV.City of Lison becomes capital of Portugal.
          African Mali king Sundiata Keita dies
1256  Kublai Khan’s brother Hulegu destroys Persia beginning the dynasty of Ilkhan.Monks Order
          of the Augustine hermits is founded.
1257  Brother of England’s king Henry III, Richard of Cornwall, is elected Holy Roman Emperor 
          over Castile’s Alfonso X.
          University of Paris founded
1258  Henry III’s reign of England limited by Provisions of Oxford. 
          Pope Alexander IV issues very first papal bull against sorcery.
          Persia’s Hulegu Khan destroys the Abbasid caliphate then go on to sack Baghdad.
          Mongols invade Hanoi. 
          England’s Salisbury cathedral finished after nearly forty-years of construction.
1259  France’s Louis IX gives up Perigord and Limousin to England for giving up claim to Maine,
          Normandy, Poitou.England’s king Henry III grants merchants of Genoa commercial rights, 
          also extending the same trading rights he gave the Cologne and Lubkec merchants.
1260  Kublai Khan proclaims himself Shatu-tu of China and begins the Yuan dynasty.
1261  Constantinople’s Latin empire falls to Greek Alexius who rules as Michael VIII after 
          defeating emperorBaldwin II. 1262 
          Crusaders on Iberian peninsula recover Cadiz from Moors.
          Norway’s Haakon IV unites Greenland and Iceland.
1263  Scotland’s Alexander III defeats the Norwegian’s king Haakon IV to claim the islands of 
          Hebrides, where Haakon IV dies on way back home.
1264   England's Simon de Monfort leads rebellious Barons against Henry II cpaturing him at
          the Battle of Lewes where his son Edward surrenders two days later.
          Edward escapes and kills Leicester's Simon de Montfort.
          Monks of Westminster Abbey began London's Covent Garden market.
1265   First English Parliament met including Burgesses and Knights.
1266  Norway cedes Western Isles to Scotland. 
1267   First toll roads in England.
1269   Karantanian dynsaty becomes extinct.
1270   King Louis IX of France leads Seventh Crusade, arrives at Carthage  only to die, somn rules
          King Philip III.
1271  Young Marco Polo joins father Niccolo and Uncle Mateo to rave to Acre then to India.
1272  King Henry III dies and Edward I become King of England.
          King Afonso III of Portugal conquers Faro removing all Muslims from country.
          Roman king Richard, earl of Cornwall dies.
1273  Habsburg count Rudolph I becomes new German king and Holy Roman Emperor 
          beginning the Habsburg rule until1806 when it finally dissolved.
1274  England's Edward I is crowned kin in Westminster Abbey.
          Robert the Bruce of Scotland is born. 
          Bohemian King Ottokar II refuses to restore province of Austria, Carimthia, Carniola, 
          and Styria he seized.
1275  Holland's count Floris IV charters the town of Amsterdam.
1276  John XXI becomes first Portuguese Pope.
          North Wales prince Llewelyn II ap Gruffyd refuses to pay homage to Edward I and England 
          prepares to invade.
1277  England’s Edward I defeats prince Llewelyn II and annexes Wales, lasting until 1283. 
          Milan’s Visconti family leader Matteo takes control. 
          Bulgaria’s Czar Constantine Asen is killed and his dynasty ends. 1278 Hapsburg 
          family gains sovereignty of Austria with new king Rudolph defeating Bohemian king Ottokar,
          whose son rules as Wenceslas II.
          Glass mirror is invented.1279 Dinis of Portugal becomes king, signing treaty with king 
          erdinand IV of Castile that defines borders between 
          Portugal and modern Spain.
          Portugal’s king Afonso III dies, son rules as Diniz.
          Hangchow merchants are first to use paper money.
1281 Kublai Khan of the Golden Horde dies.
1282 German Habsburg Dukes rule most of Slovene lands.
          Prince of North Wales Llweelyn II ap Gryffyd leads another rebellion against England’s king 
          Edward but dies.1284 Castile’s king Alfonso the Wise dies, second son rules as Sancho IV.
1285  France’s king Phillip III the Bold dies, son rules as Philip IV the Fair.
          King of two Sicilies Charles I dies, son Charles rules as Charles II.
1286  Scotland’s Alexander III dies, infant daughter of a deceased daughter princess Margaret
           of Norway.
1289  Louis X the Quarrelsome of France is born. 
          Block printing is used at Ravenna for first time.
          Tripoli on Asia Minor coast falls to caliph of Egypt Qala’un.1290 Ottoman empire is founded 
          by Othman al-Ghazi who succeeded his father Ertogrul as chief of Seljuk Turks.
          Khalji dynasty is founded by Firuz shah Jala-ud-din.
          Hungary’s Ladislas IV is assassinated, a relative will rule as Andras III ending 
          the Arpad dynasty. 
          England exiles Jews.
          Scotland’s seven-year old titular queen Margaret, maid of Norway, sails to the Orkneys and 
          mysteriously dies.
1291  Republic of Switzerland is founded.
          German Hapsburg king Rudolph dies, son Albert is not elected king.
          Crusaders lose Acre as it falls to Mameluke armies who end Christian rule and Knights 
          of St. John of Jersulem settle on isle of Cyprus.
1292  King Edward I of England grants the Scottish throne to John Baliol.
          German’s elect Adolp of Nassas new king.
1293  England’s king Edward I surrenders Gascony after sea-battle with Normans and Gascons.
           France’s Philip IV seizes Gascony whose treachery begins a war between them.
1294   China‘s Kublai Khan dies. 
          England’s king Edward I supported by count of Flanders begins war against Philip the Fair to
          regain Gascon fortresses. 
          England’s king Edward I summons Scotland’s John de Baliol who ignores it and forms
          alliance with France’s king Philip IV instead.
          Castile’s king Sancho dies, son reigns as Ferdinand IV.1295 Marco Polo publishes his tales
           and journey’s of China. 
          Przemysl II becomes king of Poland in Gniezno, dies shortly after.1296 Genoa defeats 
          Venetian fleet in battle of Cuzola.
          Sicily elects governor king Frederick II, but Carols II of Naples attacks, begins six-year war.
          Marineds defeat the Berber Almohades to capture Morocco.
          Scotland’s John de Baliol surrenders to England’s king Edward I, who moves Scottish 
          coronation throne from Scone to Westminster.
1297  Scottish resistance leader, William Wallace, the Hammer and Scourge of England, routs
          English at Battle of Ironsides.
          England’s king Edward I invades northern France.
          William Wallace and Andrew de Moray defeat the Britains at battle of Sterling.
1298  English destroy Sir William Wallace’s forces at battle of Falkirk. 

                            14^th Century---High Middle Ages

1300  German Minnesanger (singers) appear.
          Bohemian king Waclaw II becomes king of Poland.
          Louis of Bavarian bestows the Duchy of Carinthia on the dukes of Austria.
1301 English king Edward I visits Saint Kentigerns tomb in Glasgow Scotland.
          Hungary’s Arpad dynasty ends and begins a civil war.
          Ottoman sultan Osman defeats Byzantine armiy at Baphaion.
1302  Flanders Count Guy de Dampierre and his burghers massacre and defeat France’s king 
          Philip IV’s flower of Chivalry during the Battle of the Spurs.
1305 Sir William Wallace hanged, drawn, and quartered in London.
          Waclaw II dies, son Waclaw III becomes king of Poland.
1303  France’s king Philip dispatches Gyillaume de Nogaret to seize Pope Boniface back to France 
          to face trial, but diesenroute at the Rome Vatican in captivity.
1304  Persia’s Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan dies, his brother rules.
1305  Scottish Sir William Wallace is betrayed and Sir John Mentaith captures him at Glasgow, 
          takes him to London where he is tried and hanged.
          Poland’s king Wenceslas II abdicates and dies, son rules as Wenceslas III.
          Otto of Bavaria assumes Hungarian throne ruling as Otto I.
1306 Robert the Bruce crowned king of Scotland at Scone.
          Pope Clement issues bull to arrest knight Templars.
          King Wenceslaus III is assassinated in Poland, ending the Premyslid dynasty. 
          Holy Roman Emperor Albrecht I gives Bohemian crown to son Rudolf who is not accepted 
          as king. Former king gains support and becomes Ladislas IV.
          England expels more than one-hundred thousand Jews who remained after his order to 
          leave in 1290.
          France arrest Jews, takes possessions, and expels them.
1307  King Phillip the Fair seizes the property of the Knights Templar order with backing of 
          Pope Clemet. King Edward I dies, son Edward II becomes king of England. 
          German Roger di Flor tries to attack Constantinople with his Catalan Grand Company of 
          mercenaries, who are turned away while he is assassinated and his company sacks 
          Macedonia and Thrace.
1308  England’s king Edward II goes to France and marries Isabella daughter of king Philip IV.
          King Edward’s regent Piers Gaveston marries his niece Margaret of Gloucester and becomes 
          Earl of Cornwall.
          Teutonic Knights drive out Brandenburgians who had captured Godansk.
          Portugal signs first commercial treaty with England.
          Pope Clement V allows torture of the Knight Templars.
          King Albrecht I of Austria refuses nephew John's demands for his hereditary domains and 
          is assassinated.  He flees and caught and executed the following year. Albrecht is succeeded
          by count of Luxembourg, elected king and crowned Emperor to reign as Henry VII.
1309  Popes moves to Avignon to avoid Babylonian Captivity. 
          King of Naples Charles II dies, son becomes king. 
          Venice establishes the Council of Ten to rule the city.
1310  England’s barons force king Edward II to appoint lord ordainers to help him rule.
1311  Divine Comedy by Dante is published. 
          England’s Parliament consents Koing may go to war, leave kingdom, make royal appointments.
1312  England’s king Edward II regent is captured and assassinated by English barons.
          France incorporates Lyons under Treaty of Vienne.
1313  Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg dies.
1314  Grandmaster of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay, is burned at the stake.
          Scotland’s Robert the Bruce defeats England in Battle of Bannockburn. 
          France’s king Philip IV dies, son rules as Louis X.    
1315  Swiss defeat Leopold of Austria at battle of Morgarten.
1316  France’s king Louis X dies, brother Philip proclaims himself king and rules as Philip V.
          Lithuania’s prince Witen dies, brother Gedymin rules establishes capital in Vilna.
1317  France adopts Salic law that prevents women from ever succeeding to the throne.
1318  Ireland’s Edward Bruce is killed at Dundalk, younger brother of Bruce fauks conquer Ulster.
1320  Wladyslaw the Elbow High becomes king of Poland.
          Declaration of Arbroath asserts Scotland’s independence from England.
          Peace of Paris ends wars between France and Flancers.
          Poland’s Ladislas IV is finaly crowned king.    
          Muslim Tughlak dynasty is founded by shah Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlak.
1322  King Phillip V of France dies, brother Charles IV becomes king of France.
          England forced to accept Scotland’s independence after Robert the Bruce defeats England.
1323 Scotland’s Treat of Northampton with England recognizes Robert the Bruce’s title to 
          Scottish throne.
1325  King Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king.
          Portugal’s Diniz dies, brother rules as Afonso IV.
          England’s queen Isabella goes to France to arrange for son Edward’s marriage to Philippa.
          Bavarian German king Louis accepts Austria’s Frederick as co-regent.
1326  England’s king Edward II and French queen invades and kills both his Dispensers .
          First Ottoman emir Osman I dies, son rules as Orkhan I.
          Muslim Delhi’s Ghiyas-ud-din Tuglak is assassinated by son who rules as Mohammed Tughlak.
1327  French queen of Edward II has Westminster Parliament proclaim their son Edward III king and 
          Edward II is killed at Gloucestershire..
          Edward III is murdered in Berkeley castle.
1328  England’s Treaty of Edinburgh recognizes Scotland’s independence.
1337  Poland wars against the Teutonic Order.
1329  King Robert Bruce of Scotland dies.
          The Black Prince Edward, Prince of Wales is born.
1330  William Sinclair takes Robert the Bruce’s emblem heart on Crusade.
          England’s Edward III has his regent Roger de Mortimer hanged.
          Hapsburgs proclaim Bavarian Louis IV Holy Roman Emperor after Austrian Frederick dies.
1332  England’s Edard III and Edward de Baliol invade Scotland where Baliol is proclaimed new king. 
          Denmark Christopher II abdicates.
          Poland’s Ladislas IV defeat Teutonic Knights at battle of Plowce.
1333  King Edward III of England defeated by Scots at battle of Halidon Hill.
          Waladyslaw the Elbow High dies and Casimir III the great becomes king of Poland.
          Poland’s Ladislas IV dies, son rules as Casimir III.
          England’s Edward III defeats Scotland’s armies at battle of Halidon Hill.
1335 Congress of Visegrad Poland.
          Byzantine emperor Andronicus II conquers from John II Orisni Thessaly and Epirus.
          Poland’s Casimir III surrenders claim to Bohemia in Treaty of Trentschin.
1336  Aragons’ Alfonso IV dies, son rules as Pedro IV.
          France’s Philip VI buys the Dauphine fief, adding it to the his territory.
          England’s Edward III prohibits wool to Flanders.
1337  Hundred Years War begins between England and France.
1338   Hundred Years war begins after Edward III  claims the throne of France. 
          France’s king Philip VI declares England’s territories forfeit.1340 Denmark’s count Gerhard 
          of Holstein is assassinated and youngest son of Christopher II rules as Waldemar IV.
          Holy Roman Emperor recognizes England’s king Edward III right to the French crown.
1341  Portugal raids Canary Islands.
          Byzantine emperor Adnronicus III dies, son is deposed by guardian John Cantacuzene.
1342  Hungary’s Charles I dies, son Louis rules.1344 Castile’s Alfonso Xi defeats the Spanish Moors 
          and take the port of Algeciras.1346 England defeats France at the battle of Crecy.
          Scotland’s David II, allies of Philip VI invade England but are stopped at Neville’s Cross and 
          he is captured.
          Bohemia’s John of Luxembourg is killed at battle of Crecy, son rules at Charles I.
          Serbia’s king Stephen Dushan proclaims himself emperor of all Albanians, Bulgars, Greeks,
          Serbs.
1347  The Black Death ravages Europe, up to 40% of the population perishing in the first year.
          England’s Edward III captures French port of Calais.
          Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria dies, leaving Charles of Luxembourg German’s ruler.
          University of Prague is founded.
1348   The Black Prince arrives in England killing one third of the population. 
          Prague University founded by Charles IV.
1349  Persian Mongol Ilkhan Nushirwan dies ending that dynasty.
          Scottish army invades England which are stricken with the plague.1350 England’s king Edward 
          III establishes Order of the Garter.
          England defeats the Spanish at the battle of Whinchelsea.
          Castile’s king Alfonso Xi dies, son rules as Pedro the Cruel.
          Frances’s Philip Vi dies, son rules as John II.1351 Order of the Star replaced by Order of 
          St. Michaels in France.
1353  Bern joins Swiss Confederation.1354 After Black Death, England continues Hundred Years 
          war with France.
1355  Byzantine emperor John VI is driven from Constantinople, John V rules.
          France’s John II tries to prevent England’s Black Prince, Edward, son of Edward III from 
          destroying country.
1356  The battle of Poitiers begins, Black Prince Edward captures French king John II, leaving son 
          Charles as regent. 
          The Golden Bull.
          Hanseatic League founded.
          Black Prince, Edward III, defeats French King John II in battle of Poitiers.
1357  Pedro I of Portugal becomes king.
1359  England’s king Edward III goes to Paris France and French king John II gives Angevin lands 
          to England.
          Muscovy prince Ivan II dies, son rules as Dmitri Donskoi.
1360  At Calais the Peace of Bretigny is singed stopping the Hundred Years War between England 
          and France. 
          Hanseatic League inclued nearly fifty-two towns.
          France’s king John II gains the Duchy of Burgundy.
          Otttoman emperor Murad I takes Adrianople and makes it the capital.
          Hungary moves capital to Buda.
1362 Norse king Magnus Ericson sends rescue expedition to locate those before them trying to 
          reach Greenland.
          English is made the only language used in courts.
          Sweden’s king Magnus II abdicates. Succeeded by Albert of Mecklenburg.
1364  Frances John II dies in England a prisoner, son rules as Charles V.1366 Armadeus of Savoy
           leads crusade against the Ottoman Turks. 1367 Portugal’s Pedro I dies, son rules 
           as Fernao I. 
          Confederation of Koln unites germs towns to organize Hanesatic finances and 
          prepare naval forces against Denmark’s Waldemar IV.
1369  Castle’s Pedro the Cruel alienates ally the Black Prince of Wales Edward who deserts 
          him, who is then assassinated by his half-brother who rules as Enrique II.
1370   Treaty of Stralsund ends war between Hanseatic League and the Danes. 
           King Casimir III the great dies, Louis of Hungary becomes king of Poland.
1371   Robert II becomes Scotland’s first Stewart King.Castile’s king Enrique II claims Zamora 
           and forces Portugal’s Fernao I to renounce his claim in treaty of Alcoutin.
          Ottoman sultan Murad I in battle of Chernomen forces Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, 
          and Macedonia to recognize his suzerainty.
1372   France’s Charles V regains Brittany and Poitou from English control at battle of 
           La Rochelle. 
          Channel island of Guernsey is captured by a self-proclaimed prince of Wales Owen 
          ap-Thomas.
1373  England’s Edward III’s son, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, invades France from Calais 
          to Bordeaux.
          Castile’s king Enrique II burns Libon.
1374  Duke John of Lancaster return from war in France.
          Castile makes peace with Aragon and Portugal at Imazan.1375 Armenian king Levon V 
          surrenders the kingdom of Armenia to governor Aleppo who besieged the Sis capital with 
          thirty-thousand Mamelukes.1376 England’s Black Prince Edward of Wales dies.
          Negotiator Joyn Whycliffe wins parliament control of London forbidding property ownership
           by clergy.
1377  Edward III dies, grandson Richard II is king of England while John Gaunt acts as regent.
          Babylonian Exile of the Papacy began in 1306 ends with Pope Gregory Xi leaving Avignon.
1378  Holy Roman emperor Charles IV dies, realm divided among three sons with 
          Wenceslas becoming king.
          Western Schism with three popes elected simultaneously and Avignon papacy ends.
1379  Castile’s Enrique II dies, son rules Juan I.England’s Winchester College is founded.
1380  Chaucer writes The Canterbury Tales.
          France’s Charles V dies, son rules as Charles VI
          Prince Dmitry Donskov of Moscow leads Russian army defeats Mongols in battle of Kulikovo.
1381  England’s Wat Tyler’s peasants and behead the Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Sadbury.
          Fourteen year-old King Richard II is presented with Wat’s demands at Mile End, but more
           demands are presented by Wat the next day who is betrayed and beheaded.
          French Tuchins cause an uprising against tax collectors.
          French printers at Limoges use movable type.
          Venice captures Genoa.
1382 The Bible is translated into English by John Wycliffe. 
          Hungary’s Louis the Great dies, daughter Maria of Anjou succeeds him and husband
          Sigismund of Luxembourg rules as king, with daughter Jadiga succeeding him in 
          Poland and who eventually marries the Grand Duke of Lithuania to become it’s king.
          Wat Tyler’s reforms are repealed by England reinstituting serfdom to which the peoples
          bitterness of this is expressed in songs and poems about Robin Hood.1383 Portugal’s 
          Fernao I dies, wife rules as regent for young Beatrix.1384 Castile’s Juan lays seige to Libon.
          Count of Flanders dies and realm passes to Burgundy.
          John Wycliffe dies.
1385  Joao I of Portugal becomes king, but Castile doesn’t accept his claim, but defeats Castile to 
          secure the throne.
          Ottoman armies capture Sofia.
          Portugal becomes independent after defeating Castile in battle of Aljubarrota.
1386  University of Heidelberg is founded. 
          Wladislaus II of Varna becomes king of Poland.
          Treaty of Windsor alies England with Portugal after Joao marries John of Gaunt’s daughter
          Philippa Swiss are victorious over Austria during battle of Sempach. 
          Treaty of Windsor secures and alliance between Portugal and England.1387 Lithuania
          is formally Christianized.
          Denamrks; Olaf II dies, succeeded by his mother Margaret.1388 King Albert 
          of Mecklenburg rants Stockholm a city in its own right.
          France’s Charles VI begins reign Venice signs treaty with Ottoman Turks.
          John Purcey completes the first translation of the Bible from John Wycliffe’s work.
1389  England’s king Richard II concludes a truce with France’s Charles Vi.
          Ottoman sultan Murad I is assassinated, son rules as Bayazid I.1390 Scotland’s first Stuart
           King Robert II dies, son rules as Robert III.
          Castile’s Juan I dies, son rules as Enrique II.
          Frome of Cury’ is an illustrated book of England’s king Richard II’s favorite dishes.
1391  Byzantine emperor John V dies, son rules as Manuel II.Danish Queen Margaret 
          besieges the city of Stockholm.1392 Court French painter, Jacques Gringonneur, 
          designs playing cards. Each suit represent the four classes of society. 
          Spades were the soldiers, clubs the farms and farmers, diamonds the artisans who wore 
          diamond shaped hats, and hearts the clergy.
          German Dukes of Mecklenburg hire Victual brothers to fight against Denmark.
1393  Baghdad falls to the Tartars.
          Ottoman sultan Bayazid I suppresses Bulgaria.
          Bohemian Holy Roman Emperor Wencelas is captured by cousin Jobst of Moravia.
1394  England’s king Richard II goes to Ireland to settle a rebellion, forcing barons there to pay
          him homage in exchange for amnesty.
1395  Swedish king Albert of Mecklenburg renounces the crown and retires.
          Denmark’s queen Margaret continue to conquer Sweden.
          France’s Charles VI makes true with England.
1396  Crusade of Nicopolis engages Turks and many knights are captures.
1397  England’s parliament demands king Richard II account for his finances, inturn he condemns
          leader for treason.
          Denmark’s queen Margaret conquers Sweden, has newphew Eric crowned king of
         united Scandinavia.
          Bayazid I’s Ottoman armies siege Constantinople but city marshal defends them off.
1398  Prince Henry Sinclair sets foot on America.
          First Lord Mayor of London is Richard Whittington.
          England’s Richard II executes treasonous lords, installs his own that vote him a lifetime of
          income, and exiles his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke that begins his reign of seting himself 
          up as absolute monarch.
1399  John Gaunt of Lancaster dies and king Richard II confiscates his vast estates, son Henry 
          of Bolingbroke returns from exile while king Richard II is in Ireland and captures him.
          Parliament deposes Richard and makes Henrynew kingHenry IV founding the House 
          of Lancaster. 
          Richard II is imprisoned in the tower of London and supporter Welsh Chieftain
          Owain ap Gryffydd (Owen Glendower) proclaims himself prince of Wales. 
          Tamerlane takes Meerut and the kingdom of Delhi.

                            16^th Century---Renaissance Age

                         17^th Century---Tudor Age